Online+Learning+-+Reformation


 * The Age of the Reformation**
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20map%20of%20reformation.gif caption="Map of Reformation"]] ||
 * Map showing major religious affiliations around 1580. Note the huge hold that the Catholic religion stilled exerted across Europe. Why did some areas break from the dominant relgion, while others maintained their longstanding loyalty to the Church?? ||
 * The Reformation 1517-1648**
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Luther%20preaching.jpg width="220" height="418" caption="Luther preaching"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Zwingli.jpg width="185" height="325" caption="Zwingli"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Calvin.jpg caption="Calvin"]] ||
 * ** Martin Luther 1483-1546 ** || ** Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 ** || ** John Calvin 1509-1564 ** ||
 * I. Questions to ponder. . . **

1. Why did Luther post his 95 thesis on the door of the Wittenburg Cathedral? 2. What were the major changes that Luther made in Christianity? 3. Why were people attracted to Luther's religion? 4. How did Calvin's understanding of Christianity differ from that of Luther? 5. Why did Calvin's religion spread so rapidly and far?? 6. What role did Henry VIII play in bringing the reformation to England? 7. Why was Queen Elizabeth important in the English Reformation?


 * II. Fast facts on the Reformation: **
 * Luther breaks with church over two issues **
 * 1 corruption and abuses among clergy **
 * 2 new understanding of how salvation is gained **
 * --rejected notion that salvation came through works and faith **
 * -- believed salvation came through faith alone **
 * --got this from Paul in New Testament **
 * --idea of "sola fide" by faith alone **
 * Would only accept those things he found in scripture as basis for his beliefs & practices **
 * --idea of "sola scriptura" by scripture alone **
 * --rejected 5 of 7 sacraments, rejected life of monks/nuns, rejected celibacy **
 * --insisted all believers should have access to Bible/translated it into German **
 * --wants people to have personal relationship with God **
 * Calvin agrees with Luther on issues of sola fide & sola scriptura **
 * --pushes notion that salvation through faith is a gift of God (so says St. Paul in Romans) - **
 * -God decides who gets this gift, hence leads Calvin to notion of Predestination **
 * --argues that those to who gift has been given will show it in their lives Calvin wants to 'purify" worship service: hence does away with altars, images, sculpture, stained glass **
 * --religion spreads rapidly due to excellent training of ministers in Calvinist university at Geneva **
 * --spreads to France, Netherlands, England, Scotland & eventually new colonies in America **
 * Reformation in England **
 * Henry VIII **
 * --forces "reform" upon English people by monarchy, due to his desire to have male heir **
 * --Queen Catherine of Aragon does not give him male heir, he wants divorce **
 * --Henry has also fallen in love with Anne Boleyn & she refuses to become his mistress **
 * --insists he must marry her before she will have relations with him **
 * --Pope refuses to grant annulment, Henry pressures Parliament & they declare him head of church in England **
 * --closes all monasteries & nunneries & confiscates all their property Edward VI **
 * --9 yr old son of Henry VIII becomes king - **
 * -his advisors staunchly Protestant & ram through radical protestant reform, close Catholic churches **
 * --theology that of Luther: salvation sola fide Mary Tudor **
 * --becomes queen when Edward VI dies at age 15, she is Catholic daughter of Queen Catherine of Aragon & Henry **
 * --reinstates Catholicism in England, many Protestants flee to Calvin's Geneva & learn of "puritanism" Elizabeth I **
 * --becomes queen when Mary Tudor dies, seeks compromise between Catholics & protestants **
 * - **** -"Elizabethan compromise" sees fusion of Catholic & Protestant religions **
 * --ceremonies, & rituals and structure of Catholic church kept **
 * --theology is Lutheran: salvation by faith alone **

Based upon this reading, what can you say about Luther’s new perception of how one gains salvation? Who was the biggest influence on Luther in helping him develop this new theology? || // At last, by the mercy of God, meditating day and night, I gave heed to the context of the words, namely, "In it the righteousness of God is revealed, as it is written, 'He who through faith is righteous shall live.'" There I began to understand that the righteousness of God is that by which the righteous lives by a gift of God, namely by faith. And this is the meaning: the righteousness of God is revealed by the gospel, namely, the passive righteousness with which merciful God justifies us by faith, as it is written, "He who through faith is righteous shall live." Here I felt that I was altogether born again and had entered paradise itself through open gates. There a totally other face of the entire Scripture showed itself to me. Thereupon I ran through the Scripture from memory. I also fount in other terms an analogy, as, the work of God, that is what God does in us, the power of God, with which he makes us wise, the strenght of God, the salvation of God, the glory of God. // // And I extolled my sweetest word with a love as great as the hatred with which I had before hated the word "righteousness of God." Thus that place in Paul was for me truly the gate to paradise. Later I read Augustine's The Spirit and the Letter, where contrary to hope I found that he, too, interpreted God's righteousness in a similar way, as the righteousness with which God clothes us when he justifies us/ Although this was heretofore said imperfectly and he did not explain all things concerning imputation clearly, it nevertheless was pleasing that God's righteousness with which we are justified was taught. // ||
 * III. Reading on the Reformation: Luther, "I hated God." **
 * In this text, we see Martin Luther come to a new understanding about salvation, rejecting the notion that God demands men and women do penance for their sins—enough to placate an angry, righteous God.
 * // Though I lived as a monk without reproach, I felt that I was a sinner before God with an extremely disturbed conscience. I could not believe that he was placated by my satisfaction. I did not love, yes, I hated the righteous God who punishes sinners, and secretly, if not blasphemously, certainly murmuring greatly, I was angry with God, and said, "As if, indeed, it is not enough, that miserable sinners, eternally lost through original sin, are crushed by every kind of calamity by the law of the decalogue, without having God add pain to pain by the gospel and also by the gospel threatening us with his righteousness and wrath!" Thus I raged with a fierce and troubled conscience. Nevertheless, I beat importunately upon Paul at that place, most ardently desiring to know what St. Paul wanted. //
 * IV. Great Video on the Reformation!!! **
 * Check out this video for a great rappin good session on Luther & his 95 thesis. ||
 * [|**http://youtu.be/dt5AJr0wls0**] ||

**V. Some good websites on the Reformation**

[|**http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/martin-luther.html**] Stellar web site on Luther

[|**http://www.bible-researcher.com/luther02.html**__] Luther's German translation of the Bible

[] meet the most important woman of the Protestant Reformation: Katie von Bora, Luther's wife

[] Great site for background on Calvin and the Reformation in Geneva

[] good site devoted to reign of Henry VIII

[] Exhaustive web site on Henry VIII, his wives, his offspring, the English reformation. . . etc.

**VI. Music** **Images from the Age of the Reformation 1517-1648** ** Katie von Bora was a cloistered nun, whom together with a number of her fellow sisters Luther helped to escape from their convent. Coming to Wittenberg, Katie refused every marriage arrangement that Luther made for her--she had he sights set on him. In 1525 they wed, and had a warm, happy marriage. Together they had six children. ** || ** After having turned the New Testament into German in 1521-22, a decade later Luther began work on translation the Old Testament text from Latin into German as well. His knowledge of Hebrew (the original language of the Old Testament) was slim, but nevertheless he did consult scholars with a knowledge of the Hebrew text to help him produce a reliable, faithful translation. This bible was a landmark in both German culture as well as in the Reformation. Culturally, it helped to solidify and standardize the German language in German Protestant lands. In terms of the reformation, it broke down the long standing practice of the Catholic church to keep the bible out of the hands of the faithful. Luther wanted believers to read and study the bible, to nurture their faith and personal relationship with God. ** ||
 * Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott ||
 * Martin Luther's hymn Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott (A Mighty Fortress is our God) was written in 1524 during the Protestant Reformation. Luther wrote many musical works to be used during worship services in place of the standard Masses of the Catholic Church. ||
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Luther%20as%20young%20man.jpg width="221" height="257" caption="Luther as young man"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Katie%20von%20Bora.jpg width="268" height="440" caption="katie von Bora"]] ||
 * ** Martin Luther (1483-1546) ** His reform message was twofold: sharp attacks upon the corruption in the contemporary Catholic church; and a new understanding of how one gained salvation--through faith alone. Founder of Lutheran church, the first Protestant sect. || ** Katie Luther ** 1499-1552
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Luther's%20bible.jpg width="393" height="481" align="center" caption="Luther's German Bible"]] ||
 * ** Luther's Complete Bible in German ** 1534


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Zwingli.jpg width="218" height="376" caption="Zwingli"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Calvin.jpg width="195" height="230" caption="John Calvin"]] ||
 * ** Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531A member of the "second generation" of Protestant reformers, Zwingli did not shy away from directly linking religious reform to the use of violence. Like Calvin after him, he preached against religious images and paintings as "idols" and urged his followers to destroy them. He died on the field of battle in 1531, fighting against a Catholic army. ** || ** John Calvin 1509-1564This French theologian, preacher and humanist arrived in Geneva in 1535, from where he developed his theological positions on salvation through faith alone, predestination, and the notion of the "visible saints." His understanding of salvation called for strict moral and ethical behavior as a sign of election. ** ||

** Calvin preached here from 1536-64. Note the stark barenness of the interior. Calvin's followers whitewashed the walls, hiding all of the paintings that had been created on them, and removed all of the religious icons & statuary. Calvin's goal was to "purify" worship. His views on worship had a tremendous influence upon the English Puritans. ** ** Santa Croce, FlorenceThe layout of this thirteenth century Catholic church shows quite well how such edifices were designed as a stage for the celebration of the liturgy & mass. Large, open halls, no seating, and the focus on the numerous altars where the mass would be performed. Note the numerous pictures and altars along the walls, and the massive crucifix over the high altar at the front of the church. All of these things would be eliminated by the radical reform of the Calvinists and Puritans. ** || ||
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20St.%20Peter's%20in%20Geneva.jpg width="275" height="200" caption="St. Peter's in Geneva"]] ||  ||
 * ** St. Peter's Cathedral in Geneva, Switzerland **
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Henry%20VIII.jpg width="288" height="469" caption="Henry VIII"]] ||  ||   ||
 * ** Henry Tudor ** King of England 1509-1547 ** Driven by his desire for a divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon, and the prospects of enriching the royal treasury by confiscating church property, Henry engineered the creation of the Church of England, with himself as its head. While throwing off papal control of the church, Henry kept many aspects of Catholic liturgy and theology. Radical Protestant reform would come under his son, Edward VI. **
 * The lovely Anne Boleyn 1501-1536 ** Seeking a male heir, Henry VIII divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn in 1533. They had one child, Elizabeth, who would become England's greatest monarch in the early modern period. Henry, growing tired of Anne and still desiring a male heir, had her executed in 1536.

Catherine of Aragon 1509-1533First wife of Henry VIII, and Queen of England, she bore him six children, but only one of whom, Mary, survived infancy. Her failure to provide Henry with a male heir was a major reason for his alienation and their eventual divorce. || || || ** Edward was the son of Henry VIII and his third wife, Jane Seymore. He bcame King of England at 9 yrs of age, and was thoroughly dominated by his advisors who were intent in pushing radical Pprotestant reform upon the country. Chief among these was Thomas Cranmer, succeeded in implementing widespread Protestant reform in England during Edward's reign. ** || ** Mary Tudor Queen of England 1553-1558Daughter of Catherine of Aragon & Henry VIII (and half sister to Ed VI) upon becoming queen, Mary set about to restore Catholicism as the dominant religion in England. Her marriage to Philip II of Spain in 1554 probably hurt her more with the English than did her pro-Catholic stance. ** || ** Queen Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603) **The Armada Portrait 1588The daugher of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, as queen Elizabeth guided England through some of the most perilous times in the late sixteenth century. Using a combination of compromise, cajoling, and force when necessary, she brokered a religious peace throughout England, keeping Puritans and Catholics from one another's throats. She also rallied the English against the Spanish and Philip II; whose ill fated Armada is shown being smashed by the English fleet in the vignette in the upper left hand side of this portrait. ||
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Edward%20VI.jpg width="188" height="413" caption="Edward VI"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Mary%20Tudor.jpg width="186" height="320" caption="mary tudor"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Elizabeth.jpg width="226" height="216" caption="QEI"]] ||
 * ** Edward VI King of England 1547-1553 **

The Counter Reformation 1545-1648 [|__**http://www.italyguides.it/us/roma/pietro.htm**__] **way cool video tours of St. Peters Basilica & St. Peter’s square. Highly recommended!!** ||
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Baldacchino%20i%20nSt.%20Peters.jpg width="461" height="506" caption="High Altar at St. Peters"]] ||
 * **St. Peter's Basilica in RomeShown here under a huge canopy is the high altar of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. This massive, spectacular church is indicative of the Reformation in a number of ways. It was in order to raise money to help finish building this church that Pope Leo X sent indulgence sellers into Germany. Luther's run-in with Tetzel, selling indulgences in Wittenburg, Germany, prompted him to challenge the church's notion of salvation through good works. Secondly, the grandeur, power and awe present in this image of St. Peter's was also typical of the way in which the Catholic Church began to reassure its followers that the Catholic faith was indeed, still the true religion. Grandeur, power & awe became typical of the churches, art, preaching and presence of the Catholic faith during the age of the Reformation. l**

**I Questions to ponder. . .**

1. By 1600 the vast majority of Europeans were still Catholic. How do you account for this? 2. How did the Jesuit Order help the Catholic church maintain its dominance? 3. St. Teresa of Avila represented the "new" Catholicism of the sixteenth century. What does this mean?

**II Fast facts on the Counter-Reformation:** Catholic Church comes out of Age of Reformation stronger than it had been going into it around 1517. Why?

1. Reforms of Council of Trent --cleans up worst abuses & corruption of Catholic clergy --church begins very effective campaign of stresses awe & majesty of faith (in art, architecture, sermons, rituals)

2. New modes of spiritual life and service to God developed, allowing lay people (i.e. non-clergy) opportunities to serve God --Teresa of Avila pioneers new form of spiritual devotion to God, through meditation & contemplation --St. Ignatius of Loyola founds new order, Jesuits --highly moral and upright, very impressive Christian lifestyle --highly educated; spread across Europe & Globe teaching & preaching

3. Powerful monarchs across Europe back Catholic church & reforms --Emperor Charles V of Germany --King Philip II of Spain

III **Some good websites on the Counter-Reformation** [] Good overview of how the Catholic Church responded to Reformation==With a reform of its own!!! [] Great web site with lots of links dealing with reform & renewal of Catholic faith & church in Reformation period

[] St. Teresa of Avila

[] The mystical vision of St. Teresa

[] St. Ignatius of Loyola

**Images from the CounterReformation 1546-1648**
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20spread%20of%20calvanism.gif width="497" height="366" caption="Map of Reformation"]] ||
 * **The enduring legacy of Catholicism. Catholicism maintained its hold on millions of people across Europe due to an effective reform of the clergy and the elimination of the most abusive forms of corruption. Ignatius Loyola and St. Teresa of Avila modeled new forms of worship and piety and service that strengthened the faith as well. Equally important, powerful rulers across Europe such as the German Emperor Charles V and the King of Spain, Philip II, staunchly supported the traditional faith.** ||


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Council_of_Trent.jpg caption="Council of Trent"]] ||
 * **Reform of the ChurchThis image shows the assembled Bishops, Cardinals, theologians and other clergy assembled during a session of the great Catholic reform council known as the Council of Trent. This was called by Pope Paul III in 1546 and ran for nearly 18 years. The Council reaffirmed that salvation came through faith and works--rejecting Luther's notion that salvation came through faith alone. Equally important, the council implemented a vigorous program of church reform--cleaning up many of the abuses that had so damaged its reputation during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.** ||


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20St.%20Teresa%20of%20Avila.jpg width="380" height="424" caption="St. Teresa"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Ignatius_Loyola_.jpg width="248" height="301" caption="St. Ignatius"]] ||
 * A New Model of worship and pietySt. Teresa (1515-1582) from Avila, Spain, popularized a new form of Catholic piety, which centered upon a deeply meditative, mystical approach to God. While she never denied the need for a priest and the sacraments, her approach allowed the individual to cultivated a personal relationship with God. ||  St. Ignatius of Loyola 1451-1556Loyola was an intensely spiritual yet very learned man. Not surprisingly, these two traits form the basis for the work of the new Catholic order that he founded in 1543, the Jesuits. The men of this order had high moral standards, and devoted themselves to God. But they served God and the Church through education--educating the common people and the princes and kings of Europe. This was a powerfully effective new approach to spreading and maintaining Catholicism.  ||


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Paul%20III.jpg caption="Pope Paul III"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CL%20Charles%20V.jpg width="228" height="272" caption="Charles V"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Cl%20Philip%20II%20of%20Spain.jpg width="211" height="281" caption="Philip II of Spain"]] ||
 * Pope Paul III 1534-1549)He was the first pope to take decisive measures to help the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant challenge. He called the Council of Trent in 1546, and gave Loyola permission to found the Jesuit order in 1543. ||  Charles V Emperor of Germany 1519-1556Charles vigorously defended Catholicism and attempted to eradicated the Lutheran "Heresy" throughout German lands. While not completely successful in this regard, his actions did limit the expansion of Lutheranism in German lands. He also pushed Paul III to call for the great reforming council at Trent.  ||  Philip II, King of Spain 1554-98He was the son of Charles V, and like his father, he too was a staunch supporter of Catholicism. He allied closely with the Catholic church in Spain to make sure that Protestantism would never take hold in his lands.  ||

Luther's reform movement was based upon the twin foundation of salvation by faith alone (sola fides) and his claim that he would accept no doctrine or belief or practice not found in scripture (sola scriptura). Of these two, which do you think posed a greater threat to the Catholic church? Please use one of Luther's 95 theses to support your answer.

 1) Each student is to respond to the above question in a thoughtful fashion. Limit your response to no more than two paragraphs. You must back up your assertions with evidence from the texts.

 2) Each student must also respond to one other student's response. Be sure to state whether you agree or disagree with the student's reponse, and why.

 Both of your responses are due by midnight Sunday, Nov. 4th. You will be graded on the thoughtfulness of your replies, and upon how well you have supported your assertions with evidence from the applicable texts.