Ch.+20+-+Revolutions+in+Europe+&+Latin+America

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**Political and Social Discontent in 19th Century Europe** **Latin American Revolutions** **Maps of European Revolutions** The three map below help to explain several of the causes behind the revolutions of 1848. The revolutions began in Paris, with the uprising of the lower classes and students against the regime of Louis Philippe--the bourgeois king. But they quickly spread eastward across Europe, driven by two major impulses: the desire of the bourgeoisie and lower classes for more say in the running of their governments, and nationalism. If you look at the first map, you can see that most of the revolutions took place in territories still governed by nobility. This allowed for the bourgeoisie or lower classes to have little say in the government of their land. Hence they revolted.If you look at the second map, you will see evidence of a very fractured Germany and Eastern Europe, the latter dominated by Austria. The third map shows the various cultural groups that made up the Austro-Hungarian empire, which was dominated by German speaking Austrians. Read the brief excerpt below on "Nationalism" to see how this would have been a factor in causing the bourgeoisie and lower classes to revolt in these areas. ** Nationalism ** > Nationalism was the most successful political force of the 19th century. It emerged from two main sources: the Romantic exaltation of "feeling" and "identity" [see Herder above all on this] and the Liberal requirement that a legitimate state be based on a "people" rather than, for example, a dynasty, God, or imperial domination. Both Romantic "identity nationalism" and Liberal "civic nationalism" were essentially middle class movements. There were two main ways of exemplification: the French method of "inclusion" - essentially that anyone who accepted loyalty to the civil French state was a "citizen". In practice this meant the enforcement of a considerable degree of uniformity, for instance the destruction of regional languages. The US can be seen to have, eventually, adopted this ideal of civic inclusive nationalism. The German method, required by political circumstances, was todefine the "nation" in ethnic terms. Ethnicity in practice came down to speaking German and (perhaps) having a German name. For the largely German-speaking Slavic middle classes of Prague, Agram etc. who took up the nationalist ideal, the ethnic aspect became even more important than it had been for the Germans. It is debateable whether, in practice, all nationalisms ended up as Chauvinistic and aggressive, but the very nature of nationalism requires that boundaries be drawn. Unless these boundaries are purely civic, successful nationalism, in many cases produced a situation in which substantial groups of outsiders were left within "nation-states". ||  ||
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Barricades%20on%20the%20Rue%20Soufflet%20in%20Paris%201848.jpg caption="Barricades in Paris 1848"]] ||
 * **Manning the Barricades, June 1848 in ParisParis exploded in the summer of 1848 into revolution. A revolt in February of 1848 had chased out the last king of France, Louis Philippe. In his place a republic had been established. When the lower class workers of Paris realized that the republic had been taken over by the bourgoisie, they revolted in an attempt to bring down the government, and gain one that would indeed meet their demands for work, food, and political representation. The result was a bloody revolution, which quickly spread across Europe in the summer of 1848.In this painting, government soldiers are storming a workers' barricade, and firing point blank at the workers.** ||
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Bolivar%20and%20San%20Martin%20meet.gif caption="Simon Bolivar and Jose de St. Martin meet"]] ||
 * **Meeting of the Great South American LiberatorsSouth America owes its independence from Spain to the efforts of two men: Simon Bolivar, who freed the northern lands of the continent, and Jose de Saint Martin, who freed the southern lands. The two men met in the summer of 1822, and are shown here shaking hands.**
 * **Map showing location of revolutions in the early spring and summer of 1848Aside from the revolution in Paris, all of the other revolutions took place in the lands of eastern Europe, or on the Italian peninsula. What were the poltical and social conditions in these lands that led the lower classes and bourgeoisie to revolt?** ||
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20German%20states%20on%20eve%20of%20Frankfurt%20Parliament.png caption="German States on Eve of Frankfurt Parliament"]]||
 * ** Map of German speaking lands in 1848. Note that there is no country of "Germany", but rather dozens and dozens of tiny little principalities ruled by petty dukes and princes. The two largest states were Prussia and Austria. ** ||
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Habsburg_Empire.jpg width="586" height="462" caption="Hapsburg empire"]]||
 * **Map of the lands of the Empire of AustriaNote the hodgepodge of ethnic groups that make up the Austrian empire. Why would this be a factor in the revolts that broke out in these lands in 1848?** ||

**Images of Revolution in France & Germany**


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Louis%20XVIII.jpg width="241" height="404" caption="Louis XVIII"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Louis%20Philippe.jpg width="215" height="412" caption="Louis Philippe"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20louis%20Napoleon.jpg width="167" height="372" caption="Louis Napoleon"]] ||
 * **Louis XVIII, King of France 1815-1824He was the brother to the executed king of France, Louis XVI. After the defeat of Napoleon, he was placed on the throne of France by the Congress of Vienna. He ruled as a constitutional monarch.** ||  L ** ouis Philippe, King of France 1830-1848He replaced Charles X, who had ignored the lessons of the French Revolution and attempted to rule as an autocratic king. Charles was chased out in July 1830, and Louis Philippe enthroned. He was highly favorable to the bourgeoisie, which eventually earned him the hatred of the proletariat and poor people of Paris. They rose in revolt against him in February 1848, and chased him out. ** ||  **Louis Napoleon Bonaparte President of 2nd Republic Dec. 1848-Dec. 1851Emperor of 2nd Empire Dec 1851-1870Louis Napoleon was elected president of the 2nd republic in December 1848, as riots and rebellions swept across Paris. He quickly restored stability, favoring both the bourgeoisie and the lower classes of France. His name & family connections made him very popular. and the French absolutely went nuts when he proclaimed himself Emperor of the 2nd French Empire, in Dec. 1851. His political ambitions would eventually plunge France into bloody wars once again.**  ||


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Paulskirche%20with%20Germania.jpg width="624" height="376" caption="Frankfurt Parliament May 1848"]] ||
 * **Parliament of Frankfurt, May 1848After the rebellions of the early spring in 1848, many of which were directed against the oppressive, conservative govts of princes and dukes across Germany, hundreds of delegates met in Frankfurt, Germany, to lay the groundwork for a unified Germany which would sweep away all of the dozens and dozens of petty princes, and unite the Germans in one powerful nation. The attempt failed for the time being--but Germany unification would not be put off forever. The winds of nationalism were blowing too strong.** ||

I. Questions to ponder. . . 1. Explain what nationalism is, and how it shaped Latin America in the 19th century. (whoa!! Huge question—but think about it. Perhaps just identify one-two examples.) 2. Identify the origins of the four major classes of people in Latin America as they existed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. How was power distributed among them? 3. Why did members from the Creole class seem to play a dominant role in revolutions that swept across Latin American? 4. Think about the ideas, goals and accomplishments of Simon Bolivar. Then compare these to what you know about the ideas, goals and accomplishments of Napoleon Bonaparte and George Washington. Which man does he more closely resemble? 5. Without Napoleon Bonaparte, independence for the people of Latin America would probably have not happened in the early 19th century. Discuss this proposition. (Think about how Napoleons dynastic ambitions and military adventures helped to make possible the revolutions in Latin America. . .) **II. Fast facts on the Latin American Revolutions:Lands freed by Simon Bolivar: Venuzuela, Columbia, Ecuador, parts of PeruLands freed by Jose de Saint Martin: Argentina, Chile, parts of Peru** **IV. Some good websites on the Latin American Revolutions** [] Brief but good biography of Simon Bolivar [] The imperial ambitions of Simon Bolivar good on his vision for a liberated South America, and also, on why perhaps, he was exiled from Columbia at the end of his career. [] Brief history of Jose de San Martin—Liberator of people in southern territories of South America
 * Latin American Revolutions **
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Simone%20Bolivar.jpg width="305" height="420" caption="Simon Bolivar"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Jose%20de%20San%20Martin.jpg width="333" height="453" caption="Jose de Saint Martin"]] ||
 * **Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)Born in the lands now known as Venuzuela, Bolivar was a Creole by birth. He was well educated in both the ideas of the American and French Revolutions, and fired by these ideas, he began to lead the opposition to Spanish domination of South America in 1813. He was a highly capable and inspiring military leader, and managed to free most of the lands of norther South America from Spanish rule by 1821. He served as the first president of the land of "Gran Columbia" but was forced out of power and exiled in 1830.** || ** Jose de Saint Martin (1778-1850)Saint Martin was born in Argentina, and like Simon Bolivar, was an educated Creole. He too knew well the ideas of the French and American revolutions, and aspired to apply them to his own people. As a military leader from 1813-1821, he was instrumental in freeing the Spanish held lands of the southern half of South America from Spanish rule. ** ||

**Maps of Latin American Revolutions**
 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20South%20America%20under%20European%20Colonial%20Rule.jpg width="387" height="549" caption="South America under Colonial Rule 1800"]] || [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20Latin%20Ameican%20independence%20map.gif width="243" height="390" caption="Latin American Independence"]] ||
 * **Map of Colonial territories in South America, c. 1800The light yellow lands were under the control of Spain, while the pink territory (Brazil) was controlled by Portugal. The green shaded lands were controlled by Britain, Holland, and France.It was in the Spanish held lands of South America that Bolivar and Saint Martin were active. They took advantage of the instability of Spain, which had become weakened by the invasion of Napoleon in 1802, and was wracked by civil war and rebellion in the early 1800s. Distracted at home, the Spanish loosened their grip on South America, and this enabled the freedom fighters to rebel.** || ** New countries of South American Shown here are the numerous states that gained their independence from European domination in the early and mid-19th centuries. It is no exaggeration to say that South America independence was the result of the American and French Revolutions, aided by a good dose of enlightenment thought. ** ||


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/CH%20map%20of%20Gran%20Columbia.jpg width="602" height="407" caption="Gran Columbia"]] ||
 * **Gran Columbia: The triump and downfall of Simon BolivarWith a series of smashing military victories, Bolivar liberated northern South America from Spanish rule. The lands were united into one huge state called "Gran Columbia" and Bolivar was made president of this vast republic, in 1821. As president, he became autocratic and domineering, and was forced out of power in 1830. He died in exile. Shortly thereafter, the vast republic became to split into four major states: Venuzuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama.** ||