Online+Learning+-+French+Revolution


 * The French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte**
 * [[image:CHS%20storming%20of%20Bastille.jpg width="462" height="359"]] ||
 * ** Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 **** As the revolution began to unfold out at Versailles with the Third Estate naming themselves the National Assembly, the masses back in Paris quickly threw their support behind them. The lower class people of Paris began demonstrating and rioting against the king. Louis ordered his army to surround Paris, and in response, a mob of around 900 men and women laid seige to the king's armory and prison in Paris, known as the Bastille. It fell to them on July 14, 1789. This event marked the rising up of the lower classes in Paris in favor of the French Revolution. ** ** Before long, however, it would become clear that the Revolutionary goals of the bourgeoisie out at Versailles and of the lower classes of Paris were quite different. ** ||


 * [[image:CHS%20Napoleon%20Crossing%20the%20Alps.jpg]] ||
 * **Napoleon Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 1800 by Jacque Louis David This painting celebrates Napoleon's crossing of the Alps in May, 1800, into Italy. The general is show valiently leading his men across the Alps. His energy, confidence and determination are apparent. This heroic portrayal hid the true cost in terms of bloodshed and pain that Napoleon's warfare and conquests caused Europe.** ||

**The French Revolution 1789-1799** I. Questions to ponder. . . 1. Why was there a French Revolution (Think about economic issues, political issues, issues of class & equality. )2. Why would the following groups have been unhappy with their situation in the summer of 1788: bourgeoisie; lowerclass urban dwellers & peasants? 3. What role did the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke & Jean Jacque Rousseau play in shaping the French Revolution? How do their ideas differ? 4. Why does the French Revolution turn Radical? 5. Were the goals of the French Revolution all inclusive? Why or Why not?
 * [[image:CHS%20storming%20of%20Bastille.jpg width="540" height="419"]] ||
 * ** Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 ** ** As the revolution began to unfold out at Versailles with the Third Estate naming themselves the National Assembly, the masses back in Paris quickly threw their support behind them. The lower class people of Paris began demonstrating and rioting against the king. Louis ordered his army to surround Paris, and in response, a mob of around 900 men and women laid seige to the king's armory and prison in Paris, known as the Bastille. It fell to them on July 14, 1789. This event marked the rising up of the lower classes in Paris in favor of the French Revolution. ** ** Before long, however, it would become clear that the Revolutionary goals of the bourgeoisie out at Versailles and of the lower classes of Paris were quite different. **  ||

**II. Fast facts on the French Revolution:** 1789 French Revolution Begins National Assembly writes Declaration of Rights Of Man and Citizens Legislative Assembly created, & Louis XVI rules as Constitutional Monarch --essentially bourgeoisie in control—lower classes (sans culottes & peasants) not happy nor represented in govt Louis XVI’s “Flight to Varennes” 1791 reveals his opposition to Constitutional Monarchy

1792 French Revolution becomes radicalized and Louis XVI is executed Jacobins dominate National Convention & run radical republican govt France at war with Russia, Austria, Prussia, England, Holland

1793-94 Reign of Terror led by Robespierre to counter domestic opposition to revolution

1795-99 A 5 Man Directory runs govt & attempts to restore normalcy. --series of bad harvests lead lower classes to revolt again>>Bonaparte as army lieutenant helps squash lower classes & protect Directory ** 1799-Bonaparte declares himself First Consulate, begins conquest of Europe --opens up army to promotion based on meritocracy --protects private property of bourgeoisie --re-establishes peace with Catholic church --champions ideas of liberty, equality (but not for women) ** **1799-1815 Bonaparte will dominate France and Europe** **1815 Congress of Vienna will re-install French monarchy after defeat of Bonaparte --Louis XVIII will rule 1815-1824, bringing Bourbon dynasty back to power in France --Royal govt, however, now open to bourgeoisie; lower classes still shut out of political & social power III. Reading on the French Revolution.**

** Finding themselves locked out of their regular meeting hall at Versailles in June, 1789, members of the Third Estate took over the royal tennis court, and vowed that they would not go home until they had written a new constitution for the government of France. Prior to doing this, however, they put together a set of principles that would guide their thoughts about the new government. These were issued in the fall of 1789, were known as the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" ** || 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. 3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. 4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law. 5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. 7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense. 8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense. 9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law. 10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law. 11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law. 12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be entrusted. 13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means. 14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes. 15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration. 16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all. 17. Property being a sacred to and inviolable right, no one can be deprived of it, unless illegally established public necessity evidently demands it, under the condition of a just and prior indemnity. ||
 * ** The Tennis Court Oath Taken by Members of the Third Estate at Versailles **
 * . Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Fall, 1789


 * IV Totally awesome video on the French Revolution **


 * Check this out for a great run-through of reasons for the French Revolution. Understand WHY there was a French Revolution in five minutes!! ||
 * [] **After clicking on the link, then click on this link:** **Open this content in a new window** **which will take you to YouTube** ||

V. Some good websites on the French Revolution

Outstanding web site on French Rev
 * [|**__http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/__**] **


 * [] **
 * Stellar web site on the French Revolution, with lots of links to other sites**
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 * The French Monarchy on the eve of the French Revolution **


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 * Robespierre and the Reign of Terror**
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 * The Reign of Terror Sept 1793-July 1794**
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 * The weapon of choice during the French Revolution—the Guillotine**

VI. Music
 * La Marseillaise ||
 * La Marseillaise may be the current national anthem of France, but it was originally a tune that characterized the French Revolution. It was composed in 1792 by Joseph Rouget de Lisle and was quickly taken up by soldiers as their unofficial anthem during the war with Austria. ||

**Napoleon and the French Revolution** **1799-1815** **I. Questions to ponder. . .**
 * [[image:CHS%20Napoleon%20Crossing%20the%20Alps.jpg width="407" height="479"]] ||
 * **Napoleon Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 1800 by Jacque Louis David This painting celebrates Napoleon's crossing of the Alps in May, 1800, into Italy. The general is show valiently leading his men across the Alps. His energy, confidence and determination are apparent. This heroic portrayal hid the true cost in terms of bloodshed and pain that Napoleon's warfare and conquests caused Europe.** ||

** II. Fast facts on the Napoleon & the French Revolution: ** 1799-Bonaparte declares himself First Consulate, begins conquest of Europe --opens up army to promotion based on meritocracy --protects private property of bourgeoisie --re-establishes peace with Catholic church --champions ideas of liberty, equality (but not for women)
 * 1. Why did Napoleon Bonaparte rise to power during the French Revolution? **
 * 2. Was Napoleon true to the ideas of the French Revolution, or does he betray them. **
 * 3. Why was Napoleon hated by most Europeans? Why was he loved by most of the French? **
 * 4. When the French revolution finally ended with Napoleons's defeat in 1815, has anything changed politically, socially, or economically, for the French? **

1802 Invades Spain

1804 Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the Grand Empire

1804-12 Napoleon takes on Prussia & Austria and defeats them --absorbs Netherlands, Belgium Italy and lg .parts of Germany into French Empire --Pushes Napoleonic Code across conquered states

1805 Defeated by Admiral Nelson & British Fleet at Trafalgar, saves British from possible French Invasion, & opens up seas to English ships again

1812 Napoleon invades Russia in late fall with 600,000 man Grand Armee --invasion a disaster; while Napoleon takes Moscow, he doesn’t defeat Russian army which keeps withdrawing in front of him. --winter hits early, destroys French Army --probably only about 30,000 men survive

1813 Battle of Leipzig sees Russia, Austria, Britain, Prussia finally defeat Bonaparte & French forces. Bonaparte reeling --Bonaparte exiled to Mediterranean island of Elba (note to self: NEVER EXILE DANGEROUS DICTATOR TO NEARBY ISLAND—BAD IDEA)

1815 Bonaparte returns, overthrowing recently installed Louis XVIII, takes over govt & army again for brief 100 days. --At Battle of Waterloo in Belgium combined British & Prussian forces defeat Bonaparte and French Forces. British forces admirably led by Duke of Wellington --Bonaparte exiled again, this time to desolate island of St. Helens in south Atlantic where he dies May, 1821

1815 Congress of Vienna will re-install French monarchy after defeat of Bonaparte --Louis XVIII will rule 1815-1824, bringing Bourbon dynasty back to power in France --Royal govt, however, now open to bourgeoisie; lower classes still shut out of political & social power III. Napoleon's Disasterous Campaign in Russia: So, you think you could have defeated Napoleon at Waterloo? Click here to wage battle against one of the greatest military minds of all time: []
 * You at Waterloo!!! **
 * [[image:CHS%20Bristish%20infantry%20and%20French%20Cavalry.jpg width="592" height="274"]] ||
 * **English Infantry engage French Cavalry at Waterloo** ||

**I. Videos on The French Revolution and Bonaparte**
 * **Optional Bonus videos. . .If you liked the first video on the origins of the French Revolution, check out these others. The ENTIRE French Revolution. . .quick, down and dirty** ||
 * **Headless Monarch:** [|**http://youtu.be/NTMFtLAS90Q**] **Reign of Terror:** [|**http://youtu.be/PyZsLYxaIuM**] ||


 * **[]** ** Great, short video on Bonaparte ** ||

**II. Images of the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte** **A.** **The French Revolution** **1-2**
 * [[image:CHS%20political%20Cartoon.jpg width="187" height="300"]] || [[image:The%20Third%20Estate%20Awakes%20July%201789.jpg width="381" height="301"]] ||
 * ** Political Cartoon, Summer1788 This cartoon, circulated in the summer of 1788, shows a peasant from the third estate, bent over and bowed by the burden of supporting members of the first two estates, the clergy and nobility. Gathering at Versailles in the spring of 1789, representative from the Third Estate were determined to make taxes more equitable. ** || " **The Third Estate Awakens" Political Cartoon, Summer 1789The artist of this drawing has done a splendid job capturing the surprise and fright of the first two estates as a member of the third estate begins to stirr. He is throwing off his chains, and reaching for a musket. This was no idle threat--in the background stands the Bastille, which was captured by a mob of lower class Parisians on July 14, 1789, where they seized arms and other weapons to oppose the king and first two estates.**  ||

**3-4**
 * [[image:CHS%20Louis%20XVI.jpg width="249" height="351"]] || [[image:CHS%20Marie%20Antoinette.jpg width="256" height="363"]] ||
 * ** Louis XVI King of France 1774-93By calling a meeting of the Estates General for the spring of 1789, Louis set in motion the events that would eventually lead to his being overthrown and executed in January 1793. He quickly became overwhelmed by events, and appears to have done little to appease the growing economic, political and social issues that would come to a boil in the summer of 1789. It's not at all clear that this man, sheltered from his birth in the great court at Versailles, was even capable of knowing what needed to be done. He was an aristocrat through and through, and was conviced that he ruled by divine right. ** || **Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 1774-93 Marie was the sister of the Emperor of Austria, and had grown up in sophisticated splendor at the Austrian court in Vienna. She continued to indulge her taste for finery, lavish living, and hautiness at the Frence court at Versailles. This, needless to say, did not endear her to the French people, many of whom were perishing of hunger during horrible famines in 1788-89. Although she never said, "Let them eat cake," it was probably only because she never thought of it. . . Like her husband before her, she too would die at the hands of the revolutionaries under the blade of the guilliotine.**  ||

**5**
 * [[image:CHS%20march%20to%20Versailles.jpg]] ||
 * ** March of the Parisian Women to Versailles, Oct. 1789Angered by the rising cost of food, in Oct. 1789 the women of Paris marched out to Versailles and forced King Louis XVI and his family to accompany them back to Paris. The royal family ensconced themselves in the massive royal palace known as the Tuilleries, right in the center of Paris. Here, tremendous pressure could and would be brought to bear upon the king and his government by the lower classes. ** ||

**B. Bonaparte Loved at Home, Hated Abroad** **__6__**  **__7-8__**   **The Third of May, 1808, by Francisco GoyaIn this painting, the Spanish artist Goya depicts the horror of the Napoleonic era, as Spanish resistance fighters are executed at point blank range by a platoon of French soldiers. Napoleon had installed his own brother of King of Spain in March of 1808, and had occupied the country with about 25,000 French troops. Spanish resistance came in the form of guerilla warfare--citizens attacking the French soliders. Here a group of men from Madrid--suspected of engaging in attacks upon the French--have been rounded up in the early morning hours, and taken outside of the city. A volley round has already killed one group of men, while a second group, in horror and fear, prepares to die. Off to the right, a third group of Spaniards awaits execution.One wonders what has happened to the original ideas of the French Revolution.**
 * [[image:Hist%20102%20Napoleonic%20Europe.gif width="471" height="473"]] ||
 * ** The French Empire under Napoleon, c. 1812This map shows well the turmoil and warfare that Europe endured due to Napoleon. By 1812, French troops had rolled across German lands, and much of Germany was under direct French control, as was Italy. Spain too fell to Bonaparte, as did the Netherlands, and Belgium. Prussia and Austria had been defeated in war. Only England and Russia remained free to oppose Bonaparte, and in the summer of 1812 Napoleon made the decision to invade Russia. His plan was to defeat Russia, then turn the full might of his forces on England. Bonaparte's invasion of Russia was a disaster however, and his army was completely destroyed by the Russian winter; he retreated, loosing over 300,000 men. ** ||
 * [[image:CHS%20Napoleon%20I.jpg width="231" height="422"]] ||  ||
 * ** Napoleon Bonaparte d. 1821 ** This firery Corsican lieutenant quickly rose through the ranks of the French army during the revolution. From 1803-1815 he kept Europe in turmoil through a series of wars and conquests, aimed a making France the dominant power on the continent. Declaring himself Emperor of the French Empire in 1804, he finally was stopped in the summer of 1815 by a coalition of English, Prussian, Belgian and Dutch troops at the Battle of Waterloo, in Belgium. ||   ||
 * [[image:CHS%20Napoleon's%20retreat.jpg]] ||
 * ** For an engrossing account of Napoleon's Russian campaign and his disastrous retreat, click on this link: [|__http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/n_war/campaign/page_12.html__] ** ||
 * **IV. Short Video on Napoleon** **
 * **Wondering what all the fuss is about? Take five minutes to view this video & you will know!! Loved by the French, hated by the rest of Europe!!!** ||
 * [|**http://youtu.be/tfHnwqtJT9U**] ||


 * **For a great video on the Battle of Waterloo, click on the link titled "Images & Videos" in the green scroll box over <<<<<<there** ||


 * V. Some good websites on Napoleon **
 * V. Some good websites on Napoleon **

**Good solid biography of Napoleon Bonaparte traces his rise in Revolution to rule as Emperor** **brief synopsis of Battle of Waterloo** [] Napoleonic Wars
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[] Did Napoleon save or destroy the French revolution???