Online+Learning+-+Middle+Ages


 * [[image:CHS%20Warriors%20on%20First%20Crusade.jpg width="304" height="343" align="center"]] ||
 * ** Image of crusaders from First Crusade c. Nov. 1096 ** ||

__**I Questions to ponder. . .**__
 * [[image:CHS%20Map%20first%20crusade.jpg width="640" height="291"]] ||
 * ** Crusader Routes of First Crusade ** ** This map clearly shows that the majority of the warriors who participated in the First Crusade came from French lands. Hence the Moslems, beginning with this crusade, always tended to refer to the crusaders as "Franks", even if they were not, by nationality, Franks. ** ||

1. What were the major causes for the launching of the First Crusade? 2. Why would a man go on a crusade? 3. Of the four major crusades, which was the most successful and why? 4. Overall, were the crusades a positive or a negative experience for Europe 5. Do you believe the Christians living in Spain felt justified in expelling the Moslems from their lands? 6. The Reconquista in Spain ran from c. 1060-1492. How do you think this long running religious conflict shaped the Spanish explorers' attitudes about the indigenous populations they discovered in the New World beginning in the early 1500s?


 * __II Fast facts on the First Four Crusades:__**
 * First Crusade 1096-99 --Launched because of Seljuk Turks--attacking Byzantium & stopping Christian Pilgrims from reaching Jerusalem --Preached by Pope Urban II 1096 --about 40-60,000 people answered call --highly successful>>captures Jerusalem, est 4 crusader kingdoms**


 * Second Crusade 1147-49 --mostly a failure, led by King Louis VII of France & Emperor Conrad of Germans --Louis accompanied by his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine --poorly led, never reached Jerusalem --crusaders routed in battles**
 * Third Crusade 1187-93 --Launched because Jerusalem falls to Moslems --led by King Richard the Lionheart of England & King Philip II of France --Moslems led by Saladin --Richard proves to be brave & clever warrior; fights Saladin to a draw --Richard & Saladin agree to open Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims**

**Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 --Crusaders higher Venetians to sail them to holy lands, but cannot pay for this --Venetians highjack crusade and convince crusaders to attack Constantinople to gain money to pay them --turns into massive slaughter of Greek orthodox Christians; city plunder & burned --gives Venetians control of eastern end of Mediterranean**

**Results of crusade:** **-****-opens ups Mediterranean to trade by European** **-- actually good for monarchies of France & England>>removes trouble makers from lands**

**__III Some good websites on the Crusades__**

**a. [|http://www.medievaltymes.com/courtyard/the_crusades.htm__] Outstanding web site on the crusades!! Enjoy** **b. [|http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/ChurchHistory220/TopicFive/TopicFive.htm__] Good web site on First Crusade c. [] Persecution of Jews during first crusade** **d. [|http://crusades.boisestate.edu/4th/05.shtml__] Venice & the Fourth Crusade, pp. 5-13** ** e. Sack of Constantinople 1204__ Gory description of the sack of Constantinople in 4th crusade ** f. [|http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/plantagenet_19.htm__] Eleanor of Aquitaine; wife of the King of France who participated on 2nd crusade
 * __IV Images from the Crusades__ 1.**

**3.** **4.**  **5.**  **6.**  **7.** 8. **__V. Music from the Crusading Era__**
 * [[image:Hist_328_Emperor_Alexius_Comenenos.jpg]] ||
 * **Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, who in 1095 asked Urban II for help against the Turks. The result was the First Crusade** ||
 * 2**
 * [[image:CHS%20First%20Crusade%20map%20of%20battles.png]] ||
 * ** First Crusader Engagements in Asia Minor & Syria 1097 **  ** Because of excellent military leadership, their own experience in warfare back in Europe, and high morale, the warriors of the First Crusade won a stunning series of improbable victories against the Turks and Arabs in the east **  ||
 * [[image:CHS%20crusaders%20vs_%20turks.jpg width="560" height="391"]] ||
 * ** First Crusader Fight Turks under Kilij Arslan **  ** At the time of the First Crusade, Anatolia (modern Turkey) was held by the Seljuk Turks, under Kilij Arslan. They were tough warriors, fighting as mounted archers who swarmed their enemy, and tried to overwhelm and disorient him from a distance with their firepower, before moving in for the kill. Because of their discipline and toughness, the Frankish knights were able to withstand these tactics, and had success against the Turks. **  ||
 * [[image:CHS%20Jerusalem.jpg width="380" height="255"]] ||
 * ** Jerusalem falls to Crusaders July 1099 ** **The stronghold known as the Tower** **of** **David, where the crusaders attempted to breech the walls of the city of Jerusalem**  ||
 * [[image:Hist_328_Crusader_states_First_Crusade.png]] ||
 * **Map showing the Crusader states, carved out of the lands of Palestine after the First Crusade c. 1135** ||
 * [[image:CHS%20Saladin.jpg width="394" height="315"]] ||
 * ** Saladin, Sultan of Syria and Egypt (d. 1193) ** ** This fierce and very capable Kurdish Moslem leader destroyed a crusader army at the Battle of Hattin July 4, 1189, thereby launching the Third Crusade. He fought Richard the Lionheart to a draw in this crusade, but did agree to allow Christians access to Jerusalem and other Holy sites in Palestine. ** ||
 * [[image:CHO%20Richard%20vs_%20Saladin.jpg]] ||
 * ** King Richard Fights Saladin to a Draw in the Third Crusade 1189-92 **  ** This manuscript illumination has traditionally held to be a depiction of King Richard and Saladin fighting (there is no evidence that any such event ever occurred however). The Latin reads, "In my own mind I pray to the God of my life, and I shall say, "You are my shield" **  ||
 * Spiritus Domini replevit orbem terrarum, introit in mode 8 ||
 * The Gregorian chant "Spiritus Domini replevit orbem terrarum, introit in mode 8" is an example of the kind of music that was prominent during the Crusades. Gregorian chants can be characterized by single tone, slow moving, and mystical sounds. This specific chant would have been performed during Catholic Masses and spoke of the power of God and his ability to conquer his enemies. ||

** Shown on this map are the locations of two of the Crusader castles featured on this page: The Saladin Castle and the Krak des Chevaliers .** || ** The Saladin Castle ** ** Originally a Byzantine fortress, during the First Crusade in 1108 this castle fell into the hands of a Frankish knight named Robert de Saone, who strengthened its defenses. His heirs controlled the castle until the rise of Saladin who, after destroying the Crusader army of Jerusalem at Hattin in July 1187, marched north and beseiged the Castle Saone. It fell to him, and remained in Moslem hands thereafter; hence its name, The Saladin Castle. ** ||
 * [[image:Hist_328_map_of_crusader_castles.gif width="272" height="509"]] || [[image:Hist_328_interior_Saladin_Castle2.jpg]] ||
 * **Map of several Crusader Castles**

**This massive fortress, perhaps the best known of all the Crusader Castles, was built and defended by the warrior monk order known as the Knights Hospitaller. Massively constructed on an imposing hill on top of an older Byzantine fortress, it proved impregnable throughout the Crusades from the time it was built in 1150 until 1271, when it finally fell to the Moslems.** ||
 * [[image:4.jpg width="560" height="429"]] ||
 * **The Krak de Chevaliers**

**Shot taken from the inner ramparts of the Krak, overlooking the outer wall. At its height, this fortress was home to nearly 2,000 crusaders, and was the headquarters of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller in the Holy Lands** ||
 * [[image:Hist_328_Krak_des_Chevaliers_2.jpg width="560" height="399"]] ||
 * **Krak de Chevaliers**

**Dante and the Divine Comedy**
 * [[image:Dante%20Michelino.jpg]] ||
 * **Dante, shown here with a book from his Divine Comedy. He is holding the volume containing his "Inferno" (Hell), and is shown standing in front of the Cathedral of Florence.**  **To his right, souls are making their way down to the inferno.**   For a totally awesome view of the Cathedral & Baptistry, click here:****Panoramic view of Cathedral and Baptistry****  ||

__**I Questions to Ponder. . .**__
 * [[image:Florentine%20baptistry.jpg]] ||
 * **This depiction of the Last Judgment is found on the ceiling of the Baptistry in Florence. It shows this event taking place in a very orderly, logical fashion, with sinners going to hell and the saved going to heaven, in perfect order and harmony. This notion of heaven, hell, and the world as very orderly, logical and rational, came from the Scholastic theologians. They saw God as a rational, orderly, and logical creator.**  **Dante's Divine Comedy was heavily influenced by this scholastic notion of God & the world: he depicts hell, purgatory and heaven in a very orderly, rational fashion. One of the hall marks of this was that for him, in hell the punishment should fit the sin** . **Dante would have been very familiar with this depiction of the Last Judgment--he was baptized in this very place!!**  ||

**1. What was scholasticism and why were Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas key figures in this intellectual movement?**

**2. Look at the image of the Last Judgment (above) found on the ceiling of the Baptistry in Florence (from around 1250s). How does this image show the influence of scholasticism?**

**3. Read over the 5th canto of Dante's //Inferno//. Then think abou tthe following questions:** **--How does scholasticism influence Dante's Inferno?**

**4. Look at the image of Dante painted on the wall of the Cathedral of Florence (above). He is shown here holding a book from his Divine Comedy. How does this image relfect key ideas of Dante's Divine Comedy?**

**5. Dante wrote his //Divine Comedy//, of which the Inferno was one part, in Italian. Why is this significant?**

__ **II Fast Facts About Dante's Divine Comedy:** __

**Dante's Life** **--Dante Alighieri born in Florence around 1265** **--Exiled from Florence due to political factional fighting in 1301** **--his party, the White Guelphs, exiled by the opposition, the Black Guelphs** **--Dante never returns to Florence, dies in exile 1321; he is very bitter about his exile**

**Dante's //Divine Comedy//** **--Written in Italian while in exile** **--composed of 3 books, Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio); Heaven (Paradisio)** **--first major work of late middle ages to be written in language other than Latin** **--made the language noble and suitable for serious poetry and literature** **--the //Divine Comedy// frequently refers to political turmoil in Florence** **--//Divine Comedy// also gives a wide ranging description of how people in** **14th century understood heaven, hell, purgatory--but in poetic & literary form,** **not in specific theological terms** **--His work reflects the influence of scholasticism--which held the** **idea that God was rational, logical, orderly. Thus he had created the** **world in a logical, orderly & rational fashion** **--Dante's depiction of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven show them as very** **logical, orderly, and rational places>>the way scholastic theologians** **argued God had created the world**

**__III The poet Dante at Work__**

**Read this section of Dante's //Divine Commedy.//** **Here, Minos the guardian of Hell, assigns sinners** **to their place in hell, depending upon the degree** **of their sin (very logical!!) You can also see how** **punishment fits the particular sin.** **Here those who were driven by lust in life are** **ferociously blown about by winds in hell (very** **logical!!).**


 * So I descended from the first enclosure ||
 * down to the second circle, that which girdles ||
 * less space but grief more great, that goads to weeping. ||
 * There dreadful Minos stands, gnashing his teeth: ||
 * examining the sins of those who enter, ||
 * he judges and assigns as his tail twines. ||
 * I mean that when the spirit born to evil ||
 * appears before him, it confesses all; ||
 * and he, the connoisseur of sin, can tell ||
 * the depth in Hell appropriate to it; ||
 * as many times as Minos wraps his tail ||
 * around himself, that marks the sinner's level. ||
 * Always there is a crowd that stands before him: ||
 * each soul in turn advances toward that judgment; ||
 * they speak and hear, then they are cast below. ||
 * Arresting his extraordinary task, ||
 * Minos, as soon as he had seen me, said: ||
 * "O you who reach this house of suffering, ||
 * be careful how you enter, whom you trust; ||
 * the gate is wide, but do not be deceived!" ||
 * To which my guide replied: "But why protest? ||
 * Do not attempt to block his fated path: ||
 * our passage has been willed above, where One ||
 * can do what He has willed; and ask no more." ||
 * Now notes of desperation have begun ||
 * to overtake my hearing; now I come ||
 * where mighty lamentation beats against me. ||
 * I reached a place where every light is muted, ||
 * which bellows like the sea beneath a tempest, ||
 * when it is battered by opposing winds. ||
 * The hellish hurricane, which never rests, ||
 * drives on the spirits with its violence: ||
 * wheeling and pounding, it harasses them. ||
 * When they come up against the ruined slope, ||
 * then there are cries and wailing and lament, ||
 * and there they curse the force of the divine. ||
 * I learned that those who undergo this torment ||
 * are damned because they sinned within the flesh, ||
 * subjecting reason to the rule of lust. ||
 * And as, in the cold season, starlings' wings ||
 * bear them along in broad and crowded ranks ||
 * so does that blast bear on the guilty spirits: ||
 * now here, now there, now down, now up, it drives them. ||
 * There is no hope that ever comforts them-- ||
 * no hope for rest and none for lesser pain. ||
 * And just as cranes in flight will chant their lays, ||
 * arraying their long file across the air, ||
 * so did the shades I saw approaching, borne ||
 * I learned that those who undergo this torment ||
 * are damned because they sinned within the flesh, ||
 * subjecting reason to the rule of lust. ||
 * And as, in the cold season, starlings' wings ||
 * bear them along in broad and crowded ranks ||
 * so does that blast bear on the guilty spirits: ||
 * now here, now there, now down, now up, it drives them. ||
 * There is no hope that ever comforts them-- ||
 * no hope for rest and none for lesser pain. ||
 * And just as cranes in flight will chant their lays, ||
 * arraying their long file across the air, ||
 * so did the shades I saw approaching, borne ||
 * And just as cranes in flight will chant their lays, ||
 * arraying their long file across the air, ||
 * so did the shades I saw approaching, borne ||


 * IV Some way cool websites devoted to Dante**

[|**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri**] General overview of Dante, his life & work

[|**http://www.worldofdante.org/**] Pretty neat web site about Dante when the page opens up, make sure you click the tabs at the top of the page to open up all of the great web pages

The Bubonic Plague (Black Death)


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Hist_328_map_showing_spread_of_plague.png caption="Map of plague proliferation"]] ||
 * ** Map detailing the spread of the plague through the 14th century. ** ||

__I Word History Guidelines:__ WHG4.2.3 - The Plague – Using historical and modern maps and other evidence, explain the causes and spread of the Plague and analyze the demographic, economic, social, and political consequences of this pandemic. WHG4.3.5 - Explain the workings of feudalism, manoralism, and the growth of centralized monarchies and city-states in Europe including: the role and political impact of the Roman Catholic Church in European medieval society; how agricultural innovation and increasing trade led to the growth of towns and cities (National Geography Standard 14, p. 212); the role of the Crusades, 100 Years War, and the Bubonic Plague in the early development of centralized nation-states (See 4.2.3); the cultural and social impact of the Renaissance on Western and Northern Europe. __II Concepts and terms to remember:__ **Black Death Epidemic 1347 AD Inflation Giovanni Boccaccio**

__III Questions to ponder...__ __IV Readings on the Plague:__
 * 1. How did people in the 14th century think the plague was caused? How did this affect how they attempted to treat it?**
 * 2. How was the plague actually spread?**
 * 3. In what ways did the plague affect Europe's economy?**
 * __[]__This is a description of plague symptoms, as well as how some people sought to avoid it, as written by Giovanni Boccaccio, an Italian who lived through the plague. [] BBC page on the plague in Britain, with some excellent bits of first hand account of the plague.**

__**V Pictures of the Plague**__||
 * || ** Fifteenth-century woodcut showing plague victims, along with one of the stereotypical symptoms - "buboes," swollen lymph node glands, and the namesake of the plague. ** ||


 * [[image:http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Plague%20Dr%20drawing.jpg width="408" height="520" caption="Plague Doctor"]] ||
 * **Image of clothing worn by plague doctors - the long "beak" was filled with scented materials such as flowers and spices, which were thought to prevent contracting the plague through the air.** ||

__V Video on the Plague__   You have sung this nursery rhyme a dozen times as a child. . .But you didn't know you were singing about the BLACK DEATH. . . media type="youtube" key="UaspFUkcPjo" width="560" height="315" align="center"